What is the free surface effect and how can it be mitigated during loading?

• A. Free surface effect is buoyancy gained from air pockets; mitigate by drilling holes.
• B. Free surface effect is caused by waves; mitigate by reducing speed.
• C. Free surface effect is liquid in partially filled tanks that reduces metacentric height; mitigate by filling tanks/holds appropriately, using baffling, segregating liquids, and ballast adjustments.
• D. Free surface effect only occurs in dry cargo; mitigate by ventilating holds.

Answer: (C)